36 Solutions to Stabilize Earth’s Climate: New Perspective in Science Reflects on the 20-Year History of the Wedges

Publication
Author

KAIST IAM Group

Published

March 6, 2026

Twenty years after the revolutionary simple “climate stabilization wedges” concept was first introduced to fundamentally change how we visualize the climate challenge, a new study reflected on a 20-year history of this framework in a new perspective article in Science.

Figure: 20-year evolution of the climate stabilization wedges framework.

Twenty years after the revolutionary simple “climate stabilization wedges” concept was first introduced to fundamentally change how we visualize the climate challenge, Prof. Haewon McJeon of the Graduate School of Green Growth and Sustainability at KAIST and Prof. Yang Ou of Peking University have reflected on a 20-year history of this framework in a new perspective article in Science. In the article titled “36 Solutions to Stabilize Earth’s Climate,” the authors look back at how a simple stabilization concept evolved into a participatory communications tool for the global net-zero emissions.

Reflecting on a 20-Year Journey

The perspective looks back to 2004, when the original “stabilization triangle” suggested that the world needed only seven “wedges” of emissions reductions to avoid the worst effects of climate change. Reflecting on the two decades since, Prof. McJeon notes that the task has grown in both scale and urgency. With global fossil CO2 emissions hitting a record high of 42 Gt in 2024, the key difference is a sobering one: due to inaction in decarbonization, the 50-year runway envisioned in 2004 has been compressed into a 25-year sprint to 2050.

Fast forward to 2026, the authors evaluate how the modernized wedges framework, developed by Johnson and Staffell, has matured to meet this challenge. By standardizing a single “wedge” as 2 GtCO2 per year of avoided emissions by 2050, the new wedges framework is made more comprehensive and flexible:

Bridging Science and Political Will

Prof. McJeon notes that while complex Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) have become essential for technical validation, the simple “wedges” framework remains a useful tool for transparent public discourse. This synergy shows a more mature understanding of climate governance: societies must design preferred pathways that are both socially endorsed and scientifically rigorous.

“Looking back at twenty years of research, the binding constraint was never a technological ‘moonshot’ but implementation,” says Prof. McJeon. “The solutions have been available for more than a decade. What remains is the political will to mobilize finance, reform permitting, and maintain the mandate to act. Wedges excel at clarity and accessibility, helping stakeholders construct options that IAMs can then test for technical feasibility.”

About the Authors

Prof. Haewon McJeon is a leading expert in the decarbonization of the energy sector at the Graduate School of Green Growth and Sustainability, KAIST. His work focuses on the intersection of technology, economics, and policy. Prof. Yang Ou is a leading expert in the integrated assessment modeling of emissions at the College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University.